Lab Tests for Healthy Aging

Since 1983, Life Extension has suggested that aging people undergo yearly medical testing as part of a general health and longevity program. Having annual lab tests can alert you and your doctor to potential health threats and inform you about age-related changes taking place in your body.

Comprehensive lab testing can be obtained directly and inexpensively, without the need to go to a doctor’s office. This is fortunate because taking personal responsibility for monitoring and maintaining one’s health is crucial for anyone planning on pursuing a long and healthy life. Basic blood chemistry panels performed during routine yearly physicals may be insensitive to subtle age-related physiological changes that more robust blood testing can detect. For instance, the influence of sex hormones on wellbeing and general health is considerable, but basic conventional blood testing does not assess hormones.

Another problem with relying on conventional blood testing is that so-called “normal” reference ranges might not highlight subtle health issues (Lim 2015; Grote Beverborg 2015; Arslan 2016). Blood test reference ranges are established based on the normal distribution (ie, a bell curve) of results observed within a relatively small sample of “healthy” individuals from the population (Smellie 2006; Cox 1990; Hoermann 2012; Brooks 2012; Whitley 2002). However, a significant portion of the “healthy” population of modernized countries suffers suboptimal health related to poor diet and lifestyle. Thus, ranges normal for the population may not necessarily reflect truly healthy ranges. Standard reference ranges are useful for detecting overt pathologies, but may not be sensitive to mild deviations from ideal values among individuals interested in pursuing optimal health.

It is also critical to keep in mind that results from a single lab test are generally not definitive. This is especially true for lab values marginally outside normal ranges. By chance alone, about 5% of healthy people will have “abnormal” lab values (about 2.5% will be “low” and about 2.5% will be “high”). In fact, if a person does a comprehensive blood test yearly for several years, the likelihood that he or she will never have a single abnormal result is extremely low even if he or she does not have an actual health problem. Lab tests become much more informative when repeated over time so trends can be observed.

In this protocol, you will read about many important laboratory tests that can be undertaken regularly to inform your health outlook. For many of these tests, you will also learn that so-called “normal” reference ranges for results may be somewhat misleading, and discover ranges that Life Extension considers optimal.

This protocol does not contain an exhaustive list of laboratory tests; it only covers those deemed by Life Extension to be of importance to general healthy aging for most people. There are many more lab tests available, any number of which may be appropriate for specific medical concerns; an alphabetical list of all lab tests available through Life Extension is available on our website. Also, additional lab tests relevant to given health concerns are included in protocols on specific topics.

Note: Ranges and measurements discussed in this protocol apply to tests conducted by LabCorp. Tests conducted by other labs, such as Quest Diagnostics, may use different methods and thus have different reference values. Reference ranges based on testing at one lab should not be applied to results obtained via a different lab.

Many studies over the years have found correlations between low-normal or high-normal lab results and health problems. In other words, test results at the low end or high end of the “normal” range have been associated with health risks. A few examples are outlined below, but many more abound.

For instance, high-normal glucose levels have been strongly and independently associated with cardio-metabolic disease risk (Shaye 2012; Nichols 2008; Shin 2011; Mortby 2013; Cherbuin 2012). Although fasting blood glucose under 99 mg/dL is considered normal by conventional medicine, levels above 86 mg/dL have been linked with health problems.

Thyroid hormone tests are another example where normal reference ranges may include levels that are suboptimal. While the normal range for TSH spans from 0.45 to 4.5 µIU/mL, levels higher than 2.5 µIU/mL have been linked to metabolic syndrome and high triglycerides (Ruhla 2010).

High-normal serum homocysteine levels have been associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic lesions in the carotid artery of healthy individuals (Willinek 2000). Yet another study, which followed 1,284 Korean men, concluded that high-normal urinary albumin to creatinine ratios predict the development of hypertension (Park 2014). However, these studies are typically ignored by conventional doctors who just rely on normal reference ranges.

A 2016 expert review concluded that the normal reference range for serum magnesium actually includes levels that indicate subclinical magnesium deficiency. These authors cited many trials that showed that magnesium levels that are in fact too low, but are usually considered acceptable, are associated with elevated risk of diabetes and metabolic disorders, high blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease, conditions that affect millions of Americans and shorten lifespan considerably (Costello 2016). Unfortunately, despite this recent expert review on serum magnesium, most health professionals still view a magnesium at the low end of the reference range as “normal” and take no corrective action.

For otherwise healthy adults interested in annual preventive blood testing, Life Extension recommends the following tests. If any abnormalities are discovered on these tests, or if there is reason to suspect any other health issues, then additional tests should be undertaken as appropriate.

Men:

• Chemistry Panel (metabolic panel with lipids)
• Complete Blood Count
• Testosterone (Total)
• Free Testosterone
• Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S)
• Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)
• Estradiol (E2)
• Homocysteine
• C-reactive protein (High sensitivity)
• TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone)
• Vitamin D, 25-Hydroxy
• Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C)
• Apolipoprotein B (ApoB)

Women:

• Chemistry Panel (metabolic panel with lipids)
• Complete Blood Count
• Testosterone (Total)
• Free Testosterone
• Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S)
• Progesterone
• Estradiol (E2)
• Homocysteine
• C-reactive protein (High sensitivity)
• TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone)
• Vitamin D, 25-Hydroxy
• Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C)
• Apolipoprotein B (ApoB)

Hematocrit (whole blood)

Hematocrit measures the percentage of whole blood that is made up of red blood cells. Hematocrit decreases with age (Kubota 1991) and in anemia and increases in dehydration, and high values were also associated with the possibility of an increased risk for venous thrombosis (Schreijer 2010). Low or high hematocrit levels are associated with increased morbidity and mortality (Boffetta 2013; Paller 2012).

• Reference Range:
  • Women 36.9-44.6%
  • Men 41.5-50.4%
• LE’s Optimal Range: Upper end of the reference range

Hemoglobin (whole blood)

Hemoglobin is the iron-containing oxygen-transport protein in red blood cells. Its measurement aids in the diagnosis of various forms of anemia.

• Reference Range:
  • Women 12.3-15.3 g/dL
  • Men 14-17.5 g/dL
• LE’s Optimal Range: Upper end of the reference range

Sodium (serum)

Sodium is an essential electrolyte that is vital to normal cell function and to fluid, acid-base, and electrolyte balance. It also plays an important role in nerve and muscle function as well as nutrient transport (Strazzullo 2014). Serum sodium levels can reflect hydration status, kidney function, and other important medical information (BMJ Best Practice 2021; Wojszel 2020). A study published in early 2023 reported an association between serum sodium levels above 142 mmol/L in individuals aged 45-66 and an increased risk of chronic diseases. This study also reported an increased mortality risk associated with serum sodium levels above 144 mmol/L. The investigators remarked that their results suggest a serum sodium range of 138-142 mmol/L is associated with the lowest risk of chronic disease and death (Dmitrieva 2023).

• Reference Range: 134-144 mmol/L
• LE’s Optimal Range: 138-142 mmol/L

Calcium (serum)

This test is used to evaluate parathyroid function and calcium metabolism. Serum calcium is increased in hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, metabolic diseases of the bone, immobilization after trauma or osteoporosis, leukemia, lymphoma, and the use of certain diuretics (Goldstein 1990).

• Reference Range: 8.6-10.3 mg/dL
• LE’s Optimal Range: 9-10 mg/dL

Albumin (serum or plasma)

Increased albumin is found in cases of dehydration. Low albumin is found in patients receiving intravenous fluids, excessive hydration, liver disease, chronic alcoholism, certain chronic diseases such as cancer, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, chronic inflammatory diseases, infections, heart failure, skin diseases, burns, pregnancy, and oral contraceptive use.

• Reference Range: 3.5-5.5 g/dL

Glucose (serum)

High blood glucose levels are associated with diabetes, neuropathy, eye problems, heart disease, and stroke. Glucose is the primary blood sugar used by cells to make energy. Glucose level is included in most chemistry panels. It is useful to have glucose tested with other measures such as insulin and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C). This test may be done fasting or 2‒4 hours after eating. Both types of tests provide valuable information, though 2‒4 hours after a meal provides a more realistic assessment of the state of your blood in everyday life.

• Reference Range: 65-99 mg/dL
• LE’s Optimal Range: 80-86 mg/dL

Uric Acid (serum or plasma)

Uric acid is made from purines, which are made naturally in the body and also come from the diet (Schlesinger 2005). If uric acid is overproduced or the kidneys are unable to get rid of it, the elevated levels can result in joint pain, leading to a condition known as gout (George 2017). Uric acid is included in most chemistry panels.

• Reference Range:
  • Women: 2.5-7.1 mg/dL
  • Men: 3.7-8.6 mg/dL
• LE’s Optimal Range: <6.0 mg/dL (Desideri 2014)

Creatinine (serum or plasma)

Creatinine is a commonly used test to evaluate kidney function by measuring the rate of filtered fluid through the kidneys (Gowda 2010). It is included in most chemistry panels along with the BUN/creatinine ratio (which has a reference range of 9-20).

• Reference Range:
  • Women: 0.57-1.0 mg/dL
  • Men: 0.76-1.27 mg/dL

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) (serum or plasma)

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is an indicator of how well the liver and kidneys are functioning. BUN is included in most chemistry panels along with the BUN/creatinine ratio.

• Reference Range:
  • 6-20 mg/dL (adults)
  • 8-23 mg/dL (>60 years)

Total Cholesterol/HDL Cholesterol Ratio (serum or plasma)

The total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio is helpful in predicting an individual’s risk of developing atherosclerosis. The number is obtained by dividing the total cholesterol value by the value of the HDL cholesterol. (High ratios indicate higher risks of heart attacks; low ratios indicate lower risk.)

• Reference Range: 0.0-5.0

• LE’s Optimal Range: <3.4

Triglycerides (serum or plasma)

Triglyceride levels are used to identify risk for developing coronary heart disease and if fat metabolism disorders are suspected.

• Reference Range: 0-149 mg/dL
• LE’s Optimal Range:
  • Fasting: <100 mg/dL (<80 mg/dL if any risk factors; <60 mg/dL if pre-existing cardiovascular disease);
  • Non-fasting: <116 mg/dL

Total Cholesterol (serum or plasma)

Total cholesterol is used to assess risk of coronary heart disease and stroke (Kinosian 1994; Ansell 2000; Foroughi 2013).

• Reference Range: 100-199 mg/dL (over age 19)
• LE’s Optimal Range: 160-180 mg/dL

HDL (serum or plasma)

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is known as the “good” cholesterol because it helps transport cholesterol from cells to the liver for removal. Low HDL levels are used as a predictor of heart disease risk.

• Reference Range: >39 mg/dL
• LE’s Optimal Range: ≥50 mg/dL

LDL (serum or plasma)

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is known as the “bad” cholesterol because it carries cholesterol and fats from the liver to the rest of the body. Elevated LDL levels are used as a predictor of heart disease risk.

• Reference Range: 0-99 mg/dL (over age 19)
• LE’s Optimal Range:
  • Good: 80-100 mg/dL
  • Ideal: 40 – 79 mg/dL (Individuals with pre-existing CVD may need to target the lower end of the range, but that should be discussed with their physician)

Iron (serum, preferred)

Low levels of iron are associated with iron deficiency anemia. Anemia is associated with fatigue, low energy, and in some cases, can manifest as muscle aches and headaches. High levels of iron are associated with liver disease, kidney disease, and vitamin B6 deficiency (Prothro 1981; Gkamprela 2017; Mydlik 1997).

• Reference Range:
  • Women:
    • 27-159 µg/dL (age 18-60)
    • 27-139 µg/dL (over age 60)
  • Men: 38-169 µg/dL (over age 17)
• LE’s Optimal Range: 40-100 µg/dL

Gamma-globulin (serum)

Increased gamma-globulin is found in certain chronic inflammatory or autoimmune conditions, certain cancers, acute infections, chronic liver disease, and an overactive immune system.

• Reference Range: 0.4-1.8 g/dL

Magnesium (serum)

Magnesium is one of the body’s most important minerals. It is required as a co-factor in hundreds of enzymatic processes within cells. It helps maintain normal muscle and nerve function, keeps heart rhythm steady, is necessary for healthy cardiovascular function, supports a healthy immune system, and keeps bones strong (Galland 1988; Jahnen-Dechent 2012; Castiglioni 2013). Magnesium also helps maintain healthy blood sugar and blood pressure levels and is involved in energy metabolism and protein synthesis (Cinar 2008; Veronese 2016; Guerrero-Romero 2009).

• Reference Range: 1.6-2.3 mg/dL
• LE’s Optimal Range: 2.07-2.31 mg/dL

Magnesium (RBC)

Red blood cell (RBC) magnesium is the most precise way to assess intracellular magnesium status, and free RBC magnesium has been shown to be inversely related with hypertension (Resnick 1984; Geiger 2012; Rosanoff 2005; Volpe 2013).

• Reference Range: 4.2-6.8 mg/dL
• LE’s Optimal Range: >6.0 mg/dL

Selenium (serum or plasma)

Selenium is a trace mineral and one of the body’s critical defenses against oxidative stress (Tinggi 2008; Rayman 2000). Selenium is incorporated into proteins to make selenoproteins, which are important free-radical quenching enzymes (Genc 2017). Selenium has also been shown to help regulate thyroid function and play a role in the immune system, DNA repair, and detoxification of heavy metals (Hoffmann 2008; Bera 2013; Whanger 1992; Ventura 2017).

• Reference Range: 91-198 µg/L

Vitamin C (serum)

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is one of the body’s most important defenses against oxidative stress (Sorice 2014). Vitamin C is critical for protection against damaging free radicals, and is essential for tissue healing, immune function, fertility, cardiovascular health, and prevention of the common cold (Hemila 1992; Padh 1991; Bendich 1995; Chambial 2013). Low values occur in scurvy (Burhop 2018), malabsorption syndromes (Lykkesfeldt 2014), inflammatory bowel disease (Imes 1986), alcoholism (Majumdar 1981), pregnancy (IOM 1990), certain thyroid conditions (Moncayo 2008), and kidney failure (Granata 2015). Smokers have also been shown to have lower levels than non-smokers (Schectman 1989; Smith 1987).

• Reference Range: 0.2-2.0 mg/dL
• LE’s Optimal Range: >1.2 mg/dL

Vitamin D, 25-Hydroxy (serum)

Vitamin D is essential for human life, so much so that our bodies manufacture this critical nutrient in the skin upon sun exposure (Nair 2012). However, most people do not get enough sun exposure to maintain optimal levels of vitamin D in their bodies; risks of skin cancer and sun damage dissuade many of us from spending much time in the sun (Norman 2008).

But sun exposure is not the only way to increase vitamin D levels. Supplemental vitamin D efficiently boosts blood levels of vitamin D, which are typically measured as 25-hydroxyvitamin D. This is fortunate because research over many years has firmly established vitamin D as a key mediator of health throughout the body. Classically, vitamin D was thought to primarily support calcium homeostasis, but it is now known that vitamin D has many other crucial functions, including helping to balance the immune system (Bscheider 2016), suppress abnormal cell growth (Ness 2015; Watanabe 2015), and support brain health (Groves 2014).

Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with a host of diseases ranging from cancer (Kurylowicz 2007; Nabi 2015) and cardiovascular disease (Mozos 2015) to osteoporosis (Sahota 2000) and cognitive impairment (Etgen 2012). Thus, maintaining an optimal blood level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D is of paramount importance.

• Reference Range: 30-100 ng/mL
• LE’s Optimal Range: 50-80 ng/mL

Zinc (serum or plasma)

This test is used to evaluate zinc deficiencies since the body does not store this important mineral (Jurowski 2014). Levels may be low in malnutrition, malabsorption, alcoholism, extensive burns, some chronic and genetic conditions, and after the use of certain drugs (Prasad 1985), estrogen therapy (Herzberg 1996), and in anxiety, depression and stress (Gronli 2013; Russo 2011), and heart disease (Hashemian 2015). Zinc deficiencies may result in abnormal development (Black 1998), poor immune function (Prasad 2008), and hormone imbalances (Favier 1992). Additionally, people with low levels of zinc often report altered taste and smell (Tomita 1996), impaired night vision (Miao 2013), and emotional instability (Russo 2011).

• Reference Range: 56-134 µg/dL
• LE’s Optimal Range: >85 µg/dL

Ferritin (serum)

Iron is stored mostly in the liver bound to the protein ferritin. The amount of ferritin found in the blood shows how much iron is stored in the body (Knovich 2009).

• Reference Range:
  • Women 15-150 ng/mL
  • Men 30-400 ng/mL
• LE’s Optimal Range:
  • Women 50-100 ng/mL
  • Men 50-125 ng/mL

Vitamin B12 (serum)

Vitamin B12 plays an important role in producing cellular energy, for the formation of red blood cells, the functioning of the nervous system, including learning and memory (Kobe 2016; Grober 2013; Leishear 2012; O'Leary 2010). Vitamin B12 testing helps diagnose central nervous system disorders, anemia, and malabsorption syndromes.

• Reference Range: 232-1245 pg/mL
• LE’s Optimal Range: > 400 pg/mL

Fasting Glucose (serum)

High blood glucose levels are associated with diabetes, neuropathy, eye problems, heart disease, and stroke. Glucose is the primary blood sugar used by cells to make energy. Glucose level is included in most chemistry panels. It is useful to have glucose tested with other measures such as insulin and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C). This test may be done fasting or 2‒4 hours after eating. Both types of tests provide valuable information, though 2‒4 hours after a meal provides a more realistic assessment of the state of your blood in everyday life.

• Reference Range: 65-99 mg/dL
• LE’s Optimal Range: 80-86 mg/dL

Glucose (2-Hour Postprandial) (serum or plasma)

Normally, blood glucose levels increase slightly after you eat. This increase causes the pancreas to release insulin so blood glucose levels do not get too high. Blood glucose levels that remain high over time can damage your eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels. This test measures blood glucose exactly two hours after eating.

• Reference Range: 65-139 mg/dL
• LE’s Optimal Range:
  • Good: 120-140 mg/dL
  • Ideal: 110-125 mg/dL (or an increase of no more than 40 mg/dL over fasting baseline)

Hemoglobin A1C (whole blood)

Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) evaluates long-term blood sugar control and correlates well with the risk of complications from diabetes (Sherwani 2016). Serum glucose reacts with important proteins in the body rendering them nonfunctional in a process called glycation. HbA1C is a reflection of this detrimental reaction (Florkowski 2013). Doctors often follow this blood test in diabetics to monitor disease progression and the effects of treatment.

• Reference Range: 4.8-5.6 %
• LE’s Optimal: < 5-5.4 %

Fasting Insulin (serum)

Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to eating carbohydrates. Insulin facilitates the transport of carbohydrates and sugars from the bloodstream into the cells. Insulin resistance, the hallmark of type II diabetes, occurs with excessive carbohydrate intake. In this case, insulin does not work optimally to drive glucose into the cells and tissues and results in high blood glucose. This test may be done fasting or 2‒6 hours after eating. Both ways provide valuable information, though 2‒6 hours after a meal provides a more realistic assessment of the state of your blood in everyday life.

• Reference Range: 2.6-24.9 µIU/mL
• LE’s Optimal Range: < 5.0-7.0 µIU/mL

Additional information about the importance of maintaining healthy blood sugar levels can be found in the Diabetes and Glucose Control protocol.

Cortisol (serum)

Cortisol is the major adrenal steroid hormone and is controlled by the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus. The body’s stress response increases cortisol in order to mobilize energy to manage and resolve the stressor.

Chronic stress can fatigue the adrenal gland which can disrupt its normal diurnal control over cortisol. This disruption can lead to symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, insomnia, depression, and anxiety.

Typically, cortisol is highest in the morning and drops during the day for most people (Chan 2010). Some people have a “reverse” cortisol rhythm or curve, where the levels are higher at night instead of being highest in the morning. Obtaining a morning and late afternoon cortisol value provides more information regarding an individual’s daily fluctuation in cortisol. 

Cortisol can be measured at a single point during the day, or in the morning and again in the afternoon to get a better idea of its fluctuations.

• Reference range:
  • AM: 6.2-19.4 μg/dL
  • PM: 2.3-11.9 μg/dL

Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (serum)

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) is a precursor for the sex steroids including estrogen and testosterone (Dimitrakakis 2009). DHEA-S and DHEA are primarily produced in the adrenal gland, and DHEA is produced by the ovary and testis (Crawford 2009; Maninger 2009). DHEA-S plays an important role in immune function and stress response (do Vale 2014; Buford 2008). Low DHEA-S levels are associated with a shorter lifespan, while higher levels are a predictor of longevity (Leowattana 2001; Rutkowski 2014).

• Men’s Reference Ranges:
  • 20-24 yrs.: 164.3-530.5 µg/dL
  • 25-34 yrs.: 138.5-475.2 µg/dL
  • 35-44 yrs.: 102.6-416.3 µg/dL
  • 45-54 yrs.: 71.6-375.4 µg/dL
  • 55-64 yrs.: 48.9-344.2 µg/dL
  • 65-74 yrs.: 30.9-295.6 µg/dL
  • >74 yrs.: 20.8-226.4 µg/dL
• LE’s Optimal Range for Men: 350-500 µg/dL

• Women’s Reference Ranges:
  • 20-24 yrs.: 110.0-431.7 µg/dL
  • 25-34 yrs.: 84.8-378.0 µg/dL
  • 35-44 yrs.: 57.3-279.2 µg/dL
  • 45-54 yrs.: 41.2-243.7 µg/dL
  • 55-64 yrs.: 29.4-220.5 µg/dL
  • 65-74 yrs.: 20.4-186.6 µg/dL
  • >74 yrs.: 13.9-142.8 µg/dL
• LE’s Optimal Range for Women: 275-400 µg/dL

Oxidized LDL

Oxidized LDL, the “bad” cholesterol that has been modified by oxidation, triggers inflammation leading to the formation of plaque in the arteries. High levels of oxidized LDL are associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome and coronary artery disease. Oxidized LDL is often measured with myeloperoxidase and/or F2-isoprostanes.

Myeloperoxidase

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an enzyme released by white blood cells when they attack. It causes death to microbes and amplifies inflammation and immune cell recruitment. This is great if there is a foreign invader, but terrible if it is happening in the arteries in response to oxidized LDL. It amplifies inflammation there and causes problems that increase plaque and often the worse kind of plaque, the soft vulnerable plaque that is prone to rupture. To make matters worse, MPO also oxidizes LDL, making it more plaque-promoting, and even oxidizes HDL (ie, good cholesterol) rendering it dysfunctional so it can no longer be helpful. These effects result in inflammation linked to plaque buildup inside the artery wall. Thus, MPO is a very interesting cardiovascular marker that is worth checking, especially in those with family history of cardiovascular disease or who make poor lifestyle choices.

F2-Isoprostanes (Urinary Test)

F2-Isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs) are a biomarker for oxidative stress. Oxidative stress occurs when free radicals react with neighboring molecules causing a cascade of damage in cells, which initiates destructive pathways that can lead to heart disease. F2-IsoPs may be elevated at the earliest stages of plaque development. F2-IsoPs are often measured along with oxidized LDL and/or MPO.

Lipoprotein (a) (serum or plasma)

The lipoprotein (a) test is used to measure excess small dense lipoprotein. Elevated lipoprotein (a) is a strong indicator of premature coronary disease and atherosclerotic vascular disease and is associated with increased risk of cardiac death in patients with coronary heart disease and stroke (Erqou 2009).

• Reference Range: <75 nmol/L

Apolipoprotein B (ApoB)

The apolipoprotein B (apo B) blood test measures the number of potentially dangerous lipoprotein particles that can lead to the atherosclerotic process.

• Reference Ranges:
• Desirable: <90 mg/dL
• Borderline High: 90-99 mg/dL
• High: 100-130 mg/dL
• Very High: >130 mg/dL
• LE’s Optimal Range:
  • <80 mg/dL
  • <60 mg/dL (for those with high risk of arterial occlusion)

Coenzyme Q10 (plasma, frozen and protected from light)

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is produced by the human body and is necessary for the basic functioning of all cells. It is known to be highly concentrated in heart muscle cells due to the high energy requirements of this cell type (Fotino 2013).

CoQ10 blood levels are reported to decrease with age and to be low in patients with chronic diseases such as heart conditions, neuromuscular diseases, Parkinson disease, cancer, diabetes, and HIV/AIDS. Some prescriptions like statin medications can also lower CoQ10 levels (DiNicolantonio 2015; Artuch 2009; Mischley 2012; Cobanoglu 2011; Chai 2010; Folkers 1988; Shen 2015).

• Reference Range: 0.37-2.20 µg/mL
• LE’s Optimal Range: 3-7 µg/mL (those with cardiovascular disease or neurodegenerative disease likely need to be at the upper end of the optimal range)

Fibrinogen Activity (whole blood or plasma)

Fibrinogen is a key clotting protein that is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and ischemic stroke (Franchini 2012; Montalescot 1998; Fukujima 1997).

• Reference Range: 193-507 mg/dL (age 17 and above)
• LE’s Optimal Range: 295-369 mg/dL

Homocysteine (plasma; serum is acceptable)

Homocysteine is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease. High blood levels may directly damage the delicate endothelial cells that line the inside of arteries and result in vascular inflammation, blood clot formation, and arterial plaque rupture. Studies have shown that even moderate levels of homocysteine pose an increased risk for arterial plaque formation when compared with the lowest 20th percentile (<7.2 µmol/L) of population controls.

• Reference Range: 0.0-15.0 µmol/L
• LE’s Optimal Range:
  • Good: <12 µmol/L
  • Ideal: <8 µmol/L

Additional information about methods for maintaining cardiovascular health can be found in the Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease protocol.

Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) Breath Test – Lactulose

At-home breath tests can help determine some of the causes of digestive distress. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) occurs when intestinal bacteria overgrow in the small intestine (Bures 2010; Dukowicz 2007; Bayeli 1999). This overgrowth can lead to excess production of gas and bacterial metabolites, causing bloating, flatulence, diarrhea, constipation, and cramping (Sachdev 2013). Lactulose has the advantage of detecting bacterial overgrowth throughout the small intestine, including the lower end where it more commonly occurs. Humans cannot digest or absorb lactulose, and only bacteria have the proper enzymes to break it down (Chen 2012). Lactulose passes unabsorbed through the normal small intestine, and when it reaches the colon, it is metabolized by bacteria to gases, including hydrogen, which can be detected (Simren 2006; Saad 2014).

Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) Breath Test – Glucose

Although glucose is highly fermentable by bacteria, it is typically absorbed in the upper portion of the small intestine and thus, SIBO existing in the lower portion of the small intestines may be missed (Mattsson 2017; Chen 2016; Kiela 2016). The glucose breath test is more accurate than the lactulose breath test, and is considered more acceptable for diagnosing SIBO (Enko 2016; Rana 2014; Ghoshal 2011; Saad 2014). The test can also give false-positive results if the oral bacteria flora produces hydrogen (Mattsson 2017).

Cystatin C (serum or plasma)

Cystatin-C is an indicator of kidney function (Murty 2013). It has been suggested that cystatin-C might predict patients with “preclinical” kidney dysfunction and patients with chronic kidney disease who are at a higher risk of complications (Shlipak 2006; Peralta 2011). Moreover, it can predict the risk of death and cardiovascular complications in patients with chronic kidney disease (Vigil 2014).

• Reference Range: 0.62-1.16 mg/L
• LE’s Optimal Range: <0.91 mg/L

Liver Enzymes: Alanine Transaminase (ALT/SGPT), Alkaline Phosphatase, Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST/SGOT), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)

These liver enzymes are used to evaluate liver function. Both ALT and AST are abundant in the liver, and their levels increase with liver disease and sometimes with intense exercise (Giannini 2005). Personalized reference ranges are listed on laboratory results as they vary according to age and sex.

• Reference Range:
  • ALT/SGPT: 0-44 IU/L
  • AST/SGOT: 0-40 IU/L
  • LDH:
    • Women: 119-226 IU/L (over 17 years)
    • Men: 121-224 IU/L (over 17 years)

Total Serum Protein

Total proteins are decreased in people with abnormal loss from the digestive tract, malnutrition, certain kidney diseases, or poor liver function.

• Reference range: 6.0-8.5 g/dL

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) (serum)

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is produced and secreted by the pituitary gland and stimulates the thyroid to make T3 and T4. Increased TSH levels may indicate low thyroid function (Chakera 2012). When TSH is low, it may indicate high thyroid function (Girgis 2011). TSH is used as a first-line screening tool to assess thyroid disease; however, by itself it is insufficient, and needs to be evaluated in conjunction with other thyroid markers such as T3, T4, thyroid antibodies, and other tests (Iddah 2013; Ross 1989; Toft 2003).

• Reference Range: 0.450-4.50 µIU/mL
• LE’s Optimal Range: 1-2 µIU/mL

Free Tri-Iodothyronine (T3) (serum)

This test measures the amount of T3 available to the tissues, or free T3 (Sapin 2003). Many doctors believe that evaluating levels of free T3 is the best indicator of thyroid function (DeGroot 2016). Hypothyroidism is a condition where T3 blood levels are often (but not always) low (Koulouri 2013). This causes cellular dysfunction and metabolic disturbances (Sanyal 2016; Harper 2008; Brent 2012). Symptoms may include weight gain, constipation, dry skin, and hair loss. Hypothyroidism can lead to the development of chronic diseases, such as heart disease, and increases the risk of diabetes (Gronich 2015; Rodondi 2010; Chaker 2016).

• Reference Range: 2.0-4.4 pg/mL (over 19 years)
• LE’s Optimal Range: 3.4-4.2 pg/mL

Total Thyroxine (T4) (serum)

T4 is a hormone produced and secreted by the thyroid gland. At the tissue level, T4 is converted into the more active form of T3. For this reason, T4 is considered a measurement of total production of thyroid hormone. T4 blood levels are low in hypothyroidism, but may also be in the normal range (Chakera 2012). This causes cellular dysfunction and metabolic breakdown. Symptoms of hypothyroidism may include weight gain, constipation, dry skin, and hair loss. Low T4 levels may even lead to the development of chronic diseases such as heart disease and diabetes. T4 blood levels are elevated in hyperthyroidism, but may also be in the normal range or even low (Obuobie 2003; Santos Palacios 2012; Nygaard 2008). Symptoms of hyperthyroidism may include anxiety, insomnia, an increased heart rate, and bowel discomfort.

• Reference Range: 4.5-12.0 µg/dL
• LE’s Optimal Range:
  • Women (<60 yrs.) 9-11 µg/dL            
  • Women (>60 yrs.) 8.5-10.7 µg/dL
  • Men 8.5-10.5 µg/dL             

Free T4 (serum)

Proteins bind to T4 and carry it throughout the bloodstream. Once in the tissues, T4 is released from the proteins and free to convert into the more active form called T3. For this reason, many doctors believe that measuring free T4 is a good test for thyroid hormone production (Li 2014).

• Reference Range: 0.82-1.77 ng/dL (over 19 years)
• LE’s Optimal Range: 1.46-1.77 ng/dL

C-Reactive Protein, high sensitivity (serum or plasma)

The C-reactive protein (CRP) blood test measures the level of systemic inflammation. Uncontrolled systemic inflammation places you at risk for many degenerative diseases such as heart disease, stroke, and even increased cancer risk.

• Reference Ranges:
  • Low risk <1.0 mg/L
  • Avg. risk 1.0-3.0 mg/L
  • High risk >3.0 mg/L
• LE’s Optimal Range:
  • Women <1.0 mg/L
  • Men <0.55 mg/L

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) (serum)

This test is used to identify elevated levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6). Elevated IL-6 serum or plasma levels may occur in sepsis, autoimmune diseases, lymphomas, HIV/AIDS, alcoholic liver disease, cancer progression, Alzheimer disease, and in concert with infections or transplant rejection. Elevated levels of IL-6 may be associated with an increased risk of heart attack or stroke (Kanda 2004; Cojocaru 2009). It is a good idea to test values of IL-6 with other cytokines such as IL-1 beta, IL-8, and TNF-alpha.

• Reference Range: 0-15.5 pg/mL

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) (serum)

This test is used to identify elevated levels of IL-8. Elevated IL-8 levels are observed in psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic polyarthritis, cancer progression, and hepatitis C. It is a good idea to test measures of IL-8 with other cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1 beta, and TNF-alpha.

• Reference Range: 0.0-66.1 pg/mL

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (serum)

This test is used to identify elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. TNF-alpha levels may be elevated in sepsis, cachexia, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C, transplant rejection, and various infectious and autoimmune diseases. It is a good idea to test measures of TNF-alpha with other cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1 beta.

• Reference Range: 0.0-2.2 pg/mL

Testosterone (Total) (serum)

Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group primarily secreted in the testes of males and the ovaries of females with small amounts also secreted by the adrenal glands (Burger 2002; Wood 2012).

Testosterone is a key anabolic steroid responsible for directing metabolism and tissue repair and regeneration (Demling 2005; Wu 2014; Yu 2014). In men, testosterone also plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass and hair growth.

In addition, testosterone is essential for overall health and wellness. Recent research has revealed the association between low testosterone and many age-related diseases. Conditions such as heart disease, osteoporosis, diabetes, and low libido are now thought to be attributed to what doctors call “low T” (Stanworth 2008; Rivas 2014; Huo 2016).

On average, an adult male has about 10 times more testosterone in the circulation than an adult female (Gentil 2016). However, women are far more sensitive to testosterone than men. Women with low testosterone may be more at risk for bone disease, dysfunction of the blood vessels, heart disease, muscle wasting, tiredness, and loss of libido (Lorenz 2017; Bolour 2005; Kaczmarek 2003; Rohr 2002; Rech 2016; Burger 2006; Bachmann 2006).

• Reference Range for Men: 264-916 ng/dL (over age 18)
• LE’s Optimal Range for Men: 600-900 ng/dL

Free Testosterone (serum)

Free testosterone is the biologically active form of this hormone measured in the blood. 

• Reference Range for Men:
  • 20-29 yrs: 9.3-26.5 pg/mL
  • 30-39 yrs: 8.7-25.1 pg/mL
  • 40-49 yrs: 6.8-21.5 pg/mL
  • 50-59 yrs: 7.2-24.0 pg/mL
  • >59 yrs: 6.6-18.1 pg/mL
• LE’s Optimal Range for Men: 15-25 pg/mL

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (serum or plasma, frozen)

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a potent form of testosterone required for male sexual development (Roth 2011; Hiort 2013). In adults, DHT is the primary androgen in the prostate and in hair follicles (Anitha 2009). DHT levels are higher in men with male-pattern baldness and prostate dysfunction (Dhingra 2011; Wright 2010). Remember, women with higher levels of DHT can also lose their hair (Urysiak-Czubatka 2014).

Additionally, men and women on testosterone therapy should always check their testosterone blood level to make sure that it stays within an optimal range.

• Reference Range for Men: 30-85 ng/dL
• LE’s Optimal Range for Men: 30-50 ng/dL

Pregnenolone (serum or plasma, frozen)

Pregnenolone is sometimes called “the mother of all hormones.” All other steroids including testosterone and estrogens are derived from this important hormone (Velarde 2014). For this reason, optimal blood levels of pregnenolone are critical for a healthy hormone balance. Pregnenolone is also important for proper brain development, cognition, memory, and mood (Ducharme 2010; Mellon 2007; Brown 2014; Ritsner 2010). These dramatic effects on the brain explain why pregnenolone is known as a neuro-active steroid.

• Reference Range for Men: <151 ng/dL
• LE’s Optimal Range for Men: 125-175 ng/dL

Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) (serum)

Testosterone and estradiol circulate in the bloodstream, bound mostly to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and to some degree other proteins. Only a small fraction of the sex hormones are unbound, or "free," and thus biologically active and able to activate their receptors (Holst 2004; Rosner 1991; Hammond 2016).

SHBG levels should not be too low or too high. SHBG helps protect androgens like testosterone from being metabolized rapidly by the liver or excreted in the urine by the kidneys. If SHBG levels are too low, then testosterone will be metabolized and/or excreted too quickly and essentially wasted. If SHBG is too high, it decreases the active form of the hormone available to the tissues by binding too much of it up. Thus, bioavailability of sex hormones is influenced by the level of SHBG (Laurent 2016). High levels of insulin decrease SHBG level (Strain 1994). On the other hand, thyroid hormone and estrogen increase it (Serin 2001; Kalme 1999; Selva 2009).

• Reference Ranges for Men:
  • 20-49 yrs.: 16.5-55.9 nmol/L
  • >49 yrs.: 19.3-76.4 nmol/L
• LE’s Optimal Range for Men: ~30-40 nmol/L

Estradiol (E2) (serum)

Estradiol (E2) is the predominant sex hormone present in females and is also found at lower levels in men (Wise 2009; Schulster 2016). In men, high levels of estradiol are associated with abdominal fat, enlargement of the prostate, and cardiovascular risk. Also, low levels below 18 are associated with increased risk of fracture (Amin 2006).

• Reference Range for Adult Men: 7.6-42.6 pg/mL
• LE’s Optimal Range for Adult Men: 20-40 pg/mL

Total Estrogens (serum or plasma)

Total estrogen is a measurement of overall estrogen status. Estrogens are important regulators of reproductive and non-reproductive organs in men (Cooke 2017). They are involved in sexual development, lipid metabolism (Kula 2005), bone health (Vandenput 2009), and regulate body weight and adiposity (Rubinow 2017), immunity (Ercan 2017) and cardiovascular health (Sudhir 1999). The total estrogen test does not break down the individual estrogens but looks at the total body burden of estrogens and can even include exogenous estrogens such as phytoestrogens and xenoestrogens from the environment.

• Reference Range for Men: 56-213 pg/mL

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) (serum)

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is produced exclusively by cells of the prostate gland (Lilja 1988; Sp 2013). Used in conjunction with the digital rectal examination, PSA is a useful screening test for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. The real value of the PSA test is looking at trends over time versus a single PSA reading.

• Reference Range: 0.0-4.0 ng/mL
• LE’s Optimal Range: < 1.0 ng/mL

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) (serum)

Alpha-fetoprotein (a-FP, AFP) has several applications, the most important being in the management of testicular cancer.

• Normal range: 0.0-8.3 ng/mL

Refer to Life Extension’s Male Hormone Restoration protocol for additional information about the benefits of these and other tests to overall health.

Pregnenolone (serum or plasma, frozen)

Pregnenolone is sometimes called “the mother of all hormones.” All other steroids including testosterone and estrogens are derived from this important hormone (Velarde 2014).

• Reference Range for Women: <151 ng/dL
• LE’s Optimal Range for Women: 130-180 ng/dL

Estradiol (E2) (serum)

Estradiol (E2) is the predominant sex hormone present in women and is also found at lower levels in men (Wise 2009; Schulster 2016). It represents the most important estrogen, functionally, in humans (Chai 2014; Vermeulen 2002). E2 not only impacts reproductive and sexual functioning, but also affects other systems including bone health, heart health, the nervous system, and metabolism (Cui 2013; Bunt 1990).

E2 is the most active of all three estrogens commonly measured in a clinical setting (Wise 2009; Yang 2017). For women, it is important to compare the relationship between E2 and progesterone in evaluating menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, mood disorders, and aging skin.

In both men and women, low levels of E2 are associated with osteoporosis (Vermeulen 2002; Shi 2017; Klaiber 1982; Carlsen 2000; Ettinger 1993; Quigley 1987).

• Reference Range for Pre-Menopausal Women:
  • Follicular: 12.5-166.0 pg/mL
  • Ovulation: 85.8-498 pg/mL
  • Luteal: 43.8-211.0 pg/mL
• LE’s Optimal Range: Varies with time in cycle, but maximum of 498 pg/mL

• Reference Range for Postmenopausal Women: <6.0-54.7 pg/mL
• LE’s Optimal Range for Menopausal Women:
  • Lowest levels shown to ameliorate symptoms: 30-50 pg/mL
  • With typical Bi-est: 80-100 pg/mL
  • Restoration of menstrual cycle (around day 21): 90-211 pg/mL

Total Estrogens (serum or plasma)

Total estrogen is a measure of overall estrogen status. In addition to their role in reproduction, estrogens affect several organs in the body. They are critical for the functioning of the nervous system, cardiovascular health (Navarro-Pardo 2017), and are involved in cognitive functioning (Sherwin 2003), metabolic pathways, muscle strength, the responses to injury and inflammation (Horstman 2012), and in maintaining the health of the urinary tract (Robinson 2003). Clinically estrogens are important in evaluating symptoms of menopause, cardiovascular risk, and bone health in aging women (Baker 2003; Wharton 2012; Riggs 2000). The total estrogen test does not break down the individual estrogens but looks at the total body burden of estrogens and can even include exogenous estrogens such as phytoestrogens and xenoestrogens from the environment.

• Reference Range for Pre-Menopausal Women:
  • Day 1-10: 61-394 pg/mL
  • Day 11-20: 122-437 pg/mL
  • Day 21-30: 156-350 pg/mL
• Optimal Ranges vary with time in cycle

• Reference Range for Postmenopausal Women: <40 pg/mL
• LE’s Optimal Range for Postmenopausal Women: 75-200 pg/mL (with hormone replacement therapy)

Progesterone (serum)

In both men and women, progesterone balances and offsets the powerful effects of estrogens. Some of the most common concerns of aging that women have include weight gain, insomnia, anxiety, depression, and migraines. For other women, even more debilitating conditions such as cancer, uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, and osteoporosis may affect them at various stages of their lives.

As men age, complaints of weight gain, loss of libido, and prostate enlargement top their list of health concerns. Many physicians and scientists are becoming more aware of a common link between these conditions and an imbalance between two sex hormones: progesterone and estrogen.

• Reference Ranges for Pre-Menopausal Women:
  • Follicular: 0.1-0.9 ng/mL
  • Luteal: 1.8-23.9 ng/mL
  • Ovulatory: 0.1-12.0 ng/mL
• LE’s Optimal Range for Pre-Menopausal Women: 15-23 ng/mL at ~day 21

• Reference Range for Postmenopausal Women: 0.0-0.1 ng/mL
• LE’s Optimal Range for Postmenopausal Women: 2-6 ng/mL

Testosterone (Total) (serum)

Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group primarily secreted in the testes of males and the ovaries of females with small amounts also secreted by the adrenal glands (Burger 2002; Wood 2012). On average, an adult male has about 10 times more testosterone in the circulation than an adult female (Gentil 2016). However, women are far more sensitive to testosterone than men. Women with low testosterone may be more at risk for bone disease, dysfunction of the blood vessels, heart disease, muscle wasting, tiredness, and loss of libido (Lorenz 2017; Bolour 2005; Kaczmarek 2003; Rohr 2002; Rech 2016; Burger 2006; Bachmann 2006).

• Reference Range for Women:
• 13 – 71 ng/dL (20 – 30 years)
• 8 – 60 ng/dL (31 – 40 years)
• 4 – 50 ng/dL (41 – 60 years)
• 3 – 67 ng/dL (61 – 80 years)
• 2 – 45 ng/dL (>80 years)

• LE’s Optimal Range for Women: 35 – 60 ng/dL (LabCorp ECLIA methodology)

Free Testosterone (serum)

Free testosterone is the biologically active form of this hormone measured in the blood. 

• Reference Range for Women: 0.0-4.2 pg/mL (over age 19)
• LE’s Optimal Range for Women: 2.1-4.2 pg/mL

Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) (serum)

Testosterone and estradiol circulate in the bloodstream, bound mostly to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and to some degree other proteins. Only a small fraction of the sex hormones is unbound, or "free," and thus biologically active and able to activate their receptors (Holst 2004; Rosner 1991; Hammond 2016).

SHBG levels should not be too low or too high. SHBG helps protect androgens like testosterone from being metabolized rapidly by the liver or excreted in the urine by the kidneys. If SHBG levels are too low, then testosterone will be metabolized and/or excreted too quickly and essentially wasted. If SHBG is too high, it decreases the active form of the hormone available to the tissues by binding too much of it up. Thus, bioavailability of sex hormones is influenced by the level of SHBG (Laurent 2016). High levels of insulin decrease SHBG level (Strain 1994). On the other hand, thyroid hormone and estrogen increase it (Serin 2001; Kalme 1999; Selva 2009).

• Reference Ranges for Women:
  • 24.6-122.0 nmol/L (20-49 years)
  • 17.3-125.0 nmol/L (over age 49)
• LE’s Optimal Range for Women: ~60-80 nmol/L

Refer to Life Extension’s Female Hormone Restoration protocol for additional information about the benefits of these and other tests to overall health.